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/**
 * Utility types and helper functions for ZeroEcho PKI.
 *
 * <p>
 * This package contains small, focused utility components that support the PKI
 * domain model and its surrounding infrastructure without introducing
 * additional domain semantics. Utilities provided here are intended to be:
 * </p>
 * <ul>
 * <li>deterministic and side-effect free,</li>
 * <li>safe to use across different runtime environments,</li>
 * <li>independent of persistence, networking, or cryptographic providers.</li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * <h2>Package structure</h2>
 * <p>
 * The package is intentionally shallow at its top level and consists of:
 * </p>
 * <ul>
 * <li>A single direct utility class: {@link zeroecho.pki.util.PkiIds PkiIds},
 * which provides helper methods for creation and handling of PKI identifiers in
 * a consistent and deterministic manner.</li>
 * <li>Several subordinate utility subpackages, each grouping helpers for a
 * specific technical concern (e.g. formatting, validation, or internal
 * conventions), without polluting the top-level namespace.</li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * <h2>Design principles</h2>
 * <p>
 * Utilities in this package follow strict design rules:
 * </p>
 * <ul>
 * <li>no global mutable state,</li>
 * <li>no hidden caching with externally visible effects,</li>
 * <li>no dependency on environment-specific configuration,</li>
 * <li>no leakage of sensitive material (keys, secrets, plaintext).</li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>
 * Where randomness or uniqueness is required (e.g. identifier generation), the
 * semantics are explicitly documented and predictable within the guarantees of
 * the underlying platform.
 * </p>
 *
 * <h2>Relation to other layers</h2>
 * <p>
 * This package is deliberately orthogonal to:
 * </p>
 * <ul>
 * <li>API domain packages (such as {@code zeroecho.pki.api.*}),</li>
 * <li>SPI and implementation layers,</li>
 * <li>application bootstrap and orchestration code.</li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>
 * As such, utilities defined here may be freely reused by API, SPI, and
 * implementation code without creating circular dependencies or architectural
 * coupling.
 * </p>
 *
 * @since 1.0
 */
package zeroecho.pki.util;
